Shock


Introduction

Shock is the condition in which there is an inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to our cells, resulting in functional failure of organs.


Causes

It is necessary to maintain an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients for our cells to function normally. To maintain this supply, three major parts of the circulatory system must be in constant balance:


Heart- It beats at an adequate rate to maintain the blood supply for the whole body.

Blood- There is sufficient blood for the heart to pump out.

Vessels- Their elasticity must be maintained.


When any one of these parts is affected by traumas or illnesses, the supply of blood to the tissues will be reduced and shock will also occur.


Clinical Features

(1) The pulse is fast and weak.

(2) The fall looks pale and clammy and the skin is cold.

(3) The breath is shallow and rapid and air hunger may appear.

(4) There is a feeling of feebleness and dizziness and syncope may appear.

(5) The patient feels thirsty, nauseous and he may vomit.

(6) The patient looks restless.

(7) There is a drop in blood pressure.


Treatment

(1) Lay the injured supine and maintain his airway open.

(2) Eliminate the causes of shock.

(3) Raise the legs to improve blood flow to the heart and the brain (except for lower-limb fracture).

(4) Loosen any tight clothing and keep the body warm.

(5) Keep the ventilation of the scene and provide the patient with oxygen, if necessary.

(6) Do not give the patient any food or drink.

(7) Reassure the patient.

(8) Send the patient to hospital as soon as possible.